Cluster dynamics transcending chemical dynamics toward nuclear fusion

Cluster dynamics transcending chemical dynamics toward nuclear fusion.

Ultrafast cluster dynamics encompasses femtosecond nuclear dynamics, attosecond electron dynamics, and electron-nuclear dynamics in ultraintense laser fields (peak intensities 10(15)-10(20) W.cm(-2)). Extreme cluster multielectron ionization produces highly charged cluster ions, e.g., (C(4+)(D(+))(4))(n) and (D(+)I(22+))(n) at I(M) = 10(18) W.cm(-2), that undergo Coulomb explosion (CE) with the...

Chemical Dynamics of Monodispersed Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

This study is comprised of the synthesis and characterization of uniform fine particles of iron oxide in different shapes and sizes. Varying amounts of iron (III) chloride and sodium dihydrogen phosphate was heated at 98 oC for various periods, following the forced hydrolysis method. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that the shape and size of the precipitated particl...

Visualization of chemical reaction dynamics: Toward understanding complex polyatomic reactions

Polyatomic molecules have several electronic states that have similar energies. Consequently, their chemical dynamics often involve nonadiabatic transitions between multiple potential energy surfaces. Elucidating the complex reactions of polyatomic molecules is one of the most important tasks of theoretical and experimental studies of chemical dynamics. This paper describes our recent experimen...

Plasma Dynamics Vii. Plasmas and Controlled Nuclear Fusion

Control of a Chemical Reactor with Chaotic Dynamics

In this paper, control of a non-isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor in which two parallel autocatalytic reactions take place has been addressed. The reactor shows chaotic behavior for a certain set of reactor parameters. In order to control the product concentration, an optimal state feedback controller has been designed. Since concentrations of reactor species are ...